By Misty Barton • Updated Aug 30, 2022
In many science classes, teachers ask students to construct a three‑dimensional model of an atom. This hands‑on activity helps learners grasp the arrangement and balance of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and illustrates how atomic structure varies across elements and isotopes.
Calculate the composition of the element you’re modeling. The number of protons equals the atomic number. For a neutral atom, the number of electrons also equals the atomic number. The neutron count is found by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass. Isotopes differ only in neutron number.
Paint each Styrofoam sphere a distinct color to differentiate the particles—red for protons, blue for neutrons, green for electrons, for example. Insert a toothpick into each ball to keep your hands clean while painting.
Glue the proton and neutron spheres together to form a nucleus. Use enough glue so the mixture looks well‑blended, reflecting the tightly bound core of an atom.
Insert wooden kabob skewers through the nucleus at random angles, representing electron orbitals. The skewers should emerge on all sides of the nucleus.
Attach a Styrofoam electron sphere to the tip of each skewer. Apply a small dot of glue before pressing the sphere onto the skewer to keep the electron securely in place.
Create a reference key on a sheet of typing paper or a poster board. Include the element’s atomic number, mass, and any isotope information. Add a color legend that matches the proton, neutron, and electron hues used in the model.
