By RussellL • Updated Aug 30, 2022

Titration is a reliable analytical technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a reagent of known concentration. The reaction endpoint is identified by a color change, pH shift, or other physical indicator, allowing precise calculation of the unknown’s molarity.

Step 1 – Calculate Moles of the Standard

Multiply the molarity (M) of the titrant by its volume (V, in liters). The product gives the total moles of the standard solution:

n₁ = M₁ × V₁

Step 2 – Identify the Acid/Base Stoichiometry

Examine the formula of the analyte to determine how many H⁺ (for acids) or OH⁻ (for bases) are released per molecule. This integer, n, is obtained directly from the subscripts.

Step 3 – Compute Moles of the Unknown

Divide the moles of the standard by the stoichiometric factor:

n₂ = n₁ ÷ n

Step 4 – Derive Molarity of the Unknown

Finally, divide the moles of the analyte by its volume (V₂, in liters):

M₂ = n₂ ÷ V₂

When executed correctly, this sequence yields an accurate molarity for the unknown solution.