Acids in Water
* Acids are substances that donate hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
* Hydronium ions (H3O+) are formed when a hydrogen ion (H+) from the acid combines with a water molecule (H2O).
Example:
* Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+) and chloride ions (Cl-) :
* HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
* The hydrogen ions (H+) then react with water molecules to form hydronium ions:
* H+(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq)
Bases in Water
* Bases are substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
Example:
* Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolves in water to produce sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH-):
* NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Summary
* Acids produce hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water.
* Bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
Important Note: The presence of hydronium ions (H3O+) makes a solution acidic, while the presence of hydroxide ions (OH-) makes a solution basic (alkaline).
