* Unequal sharing of electrons: The oxygen atom in water is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms. This means it attracts the shared electrons in the covalent bonds more strongly, resulting in a partial negative charge (δ-) on the oxygen atom and partial positive charges (δ+) on the hydrogen atoms.

* Bent molecular shape: The two hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in water form a bent shape (similar to a V). This shape, with the oxygen atom at the apex, further enhances the separation of charges.

Overall, the uneven sharing of electrons and the bent shape of the water molecule create a permanent dipole moment, making water a polar molecule. This polarity is responsible for many of water's unique properties, including its ability to dissolve many substances, form hydrogen bonds, and act as a solvent for biological reactions.