1. Transcription: This is the process where the genetic information from DNA is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. This mRNA then carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

2. Translation: This is the process where the mRNA molecule is "read" by ribosomes, and the genetic code is used to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain. This process is guided by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which bring specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the codons on the mRNA.