The vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within substances is called thermal energy or heat energy.

Here's a breakdown:

* Thermal energy is the internal energy of a substance due to the random motion of its atoms and molecules. This motion includes:

* Translation: Moving from one place to another.

* Rotation: Spinning around an axis.

* Vibration: Oscillating back and forth around a fixed point.

* Heat energy is the transfer of thermal energy from one object or system to another due to a temperature difference.

The amount of thermal energy a substance possesses is directly related to its temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster the atoms and molecules move and vibrate. This increased movement leads to expansion, changes in state (solid, liquid, gas), and other physical and chemical changes.