* Carbon black: A very common filler, it adds strength, abrasion resistance, and heat resistance to rubber.
* Zinc oxide: Acts as an activator for vulcanization (the process that makes rubber durable).
* Sulfur: A key component of the vulcanization process, forming cross-links between polymer chains.
* Calcium carbonate: Used as a filler to reduce cost and improve processing.
* Clay: Acts as a filler and can also improve stiffness and abrasion resistance.
* Silica: Used as a filler and can enhance strength, wear resistance, and tear resistance.
* Iron oxide: Can be added to provide color, but is also sometimes found as an impurity.
It's important to note that the specific minerals used in rubber products vary depending on the intended application and desired properties.