1. Light-dependent reactions: These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and require light energy. They involve the capture of light energy by chlorophyll and other pigments, the splitting of water molecules, and the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate).

2. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle): These reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplasts and do not require light directly. They use the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, a sugar that serves as the primary energy source for the plant.