2. Boiling Point: The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure, causing it to boil. Like the melting point, the boiling point is a fixed property for pure substances at a given pressure.
3. Density: Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. It is a temperature and pressure-dependent property, but for a pure substance under specified conditions, density remains constant.
4. Refractive Index: The refractive index of a substance is a measure of how much light bends when passing from air to that substance. It is a characteristic property that is constant for a pure substance at a specific wavelength of light and temperature.
5. Electrical Conductivity: The electrical conductivity of a substance indicates its ability to conduct electricity. For pure substances, the electrical conductivity is a constant property at a given temperature.
6. Thermal Conductivity: Thermal conductivity measures a substance's ability to transfer heat. It is a temperature-dependent property, but for pure substances under specified conditions, thermal conductivity remains constant.
7. Specific Heat Capacity: The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celsius. It is a constant property for a pure substance at a specific temperature and pressure.
These physical properties are essential for characterizing and identifying pure substances. They play a crucial role in various scientific fields, such as chemistry, physics, and material science, and are used for purity analysis, quality control, and understanding the behavior of substances under different conditions.
