1. Incomplete Water Displacement: When part of the solid is protruding above the waterline, it does not displace an equal volume of water as it would if completely submerged. As a result, the volume of water displaced is underestimated.
2. Inaccurate Mass Measurement: Due to incomplete submersion, the mass of the water displaced (which is typically measured using a graduated cylinder or beaker) is less than the actual mass of water that would have been displaced if the solid was fully immersed.
3. Density Calculation Error: The density of the solid is calculated by dividing its mass by the volume of water displaced. Since both the mass and volume measurements are affected by the incomplete submersion, the calculated density will be higher than the true density of the solid.
Therefore, when a solid is not completely submerged in water during the density measurement, the reported density value will be higher than the actual density of the solid due to underestimation of the displaced water volume and inaccurate mass measurement. This error can be avoided by ensuring that the solid is fully submerged during the water displacement experiment.
