- Electronegativity difference ($$\Delta$$EN) > 1.7

- Complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, forming ions

- Strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

- Typically, occurs between metals and non-metals

Polar Covalent Bonding:

- EN $$\Delta$$ between 0.4 and 1.7

- Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms, creating a polar covalent bond

- Partial charges develop, with one atom having a slight negative charge and the other a slight positive charge

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding:

- EN $$\Delta$$ less than 0.4

- Equal sharing of electrons between atoms

- No significant charge separation

- Occurs between atoms of similar electronegativity, typically non-metals bonding with non-metals