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  • Bond Lengths: A Guide to Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, Metallic & Van der Waals Forces
    Covalent Bonds:

    - Single bond (C-C): ~1.54 Å

    - Double bond (C=C): ~1.34 Å

    - Triple bond (C≡C): ~1.20 Å

    Ionic Bonds:

    - Typically between 2.0 and 5.0 Å, depending on the ions involved.

    Hydrogen Bonds:

    - Typically between 1.5 and 3.0 Å, depending on the donor and acceptor atoms.

    Metallic Bonds:

    - Not well-defined due to the delocalized nature of valence electrons in metals, but typically around 2.5 Å for transition metals.

    van der Waals Interactions:

    - Typically between 3.0 and 5.0 Å, depending on the atoms or molecules involved.

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