Natural languages are not "built" in the same way that artificial languages are. They evolve over time through the interactions of their speakers. However, we can identify some general principles that underlie the structure of all languages.

1. Phonology

Phonology is the study of the sound system of a language. It includes the study of individual sounds (phonemes), how they are combined into syllables, and how syllables are combined into words.

2. Grammar

Grammar is the study of the rules that govern the way words are combined into sentences. It includes the study of word order, tense, aspect, mood, and voice.

3. Lexicon

The lexicon is the study of the words of a language. It includes the study of word meaning, word formation, and how words are used in context.

4. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in real-world situations. It includes the study of conversation, speech acts, and how language is used to convey meaning beyond the literal meaning of the words.

These four components are essential to all languages. However, the way that they are realized can vary significantly from language to language. For example, some languages have a very complex phonological system, while others have a very simple one. Some languages have a very rigid grammatical structure, while others have a very flexible one. Some languages have a very large lexicon, while others have a very small one. And some languages have a very rich pragmatic system, while others have a very simple one.

The diversity of languages around the world is a testament to the human capacity for creativity and communication.