Here's a breakdown:
1. Water (H₂O): The most abundant molecule in living organisms, making up about 60-70% of their mass. It plays a crucial role in:
* Transport: Carrying nutrients and waste products.
* Chemical reactions: Serving as a solvent for many biological processes.
* Temperature regulation: Maintaining a stable internal temperature.
2. Carbohydrates: These are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide energy and structural support.
* Sugars: Simple carbohydrates like glucose provide quick energy.
* Starches: Complex carbohydrates like starch in plants store energy.
* Cellulose: A structural carbohydrate found in plant cell walls.
3. Lipids (Fats & Oils): These are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but in different proportions than carbohydrates. They provide energy storage, insulation, and form cell membranes.
* Triglycerides: The most common type of fat, storing energy.
* Phospholipids: Important components of cell membranes.
* Steroids: Hormones like cholesterol play vital roles in the body.
4. Proteins: Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. They have diverse functions:
* Enzymes: Catalyze biochemical reactions.
* Structural components: Provide support and shape to cells and tissues.
* Hormones: Regulate bodily functions.
* Antibodies: Defend the body against pathogens.
5. Nucleic Acids: Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. They carry genetic information and direct protein synthesis.
* DNA: Stores the genetic blueprint for an organism.
* RNA: Plays a key role in protein synthesis.
In addition to these major organic molecules, organisms also contain a small amount of inorganic molecules:
* Minerals: Elements like calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium are essential for various bodily functions.
* Gases: Oxygen is needed for respiration, while carbon dioxide is a byproduct of it.
In summary, the matter in organisms is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic molecules, each playing a crucial role in the maintenance and functioning of life.
