The process of chromosomes dividing, separating, and duplicating is called cell division. More specifically, it is called mitosis if the cell is producing two identical daughter cells, or meiosis if the cell is producing four haploid daughter cells (gametes).

Here's a breakdown of the processes:

* Mitosis: This is the process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells. It involves the following stages:

* Prophase: The chromosomes condense and become visible.

* Metaphase: The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.

* Anaphase: The sister chromatids (identical copies of each chromosome) are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

* Telophase: The chromosomes reach the poles of the cell and begin to uncoil, and the cell divides into two daughter cells.

* Meiosis: This is the process of cell division that produces four haploid daughter cells (gametes). It involves two rounds of division:

* Meiosis I:

* Prophase I: The chromosomes condense and pair up with their homologous chromosomes (one from each parent). Crossing over occurs, where genetic material is exchanged between the homologous chromosomes.

* Metaphase I: The homologous chromosome pairs line up at the center of the cell.

* Anaphase I: The homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

* Telophase I: The cell divides into two daughter cells, each with one chromosome from each homologous pair.

* Meiosis II: This is very similar to mitosis, but it occurs in each of the two daughter cells from meiosis I. The sister chromatids are separated, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.

Both mitosis and meiosis involve the duplication of chromosomes before they are separated, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information.