1. Nucleus:
- Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromosomes.
- Controls cellular activities by directing protein synthesis.
2. Cell Wall:
- Rigid outer layer made of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.
- Provides structural support and protection.
- Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
3. Plasma Membrane:
- Thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cytoplasm.
- Regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.
4. Cytoplasm:
- Gel-like substance that fills the cell.
- Contains organelles and other cellular components.
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Network of interconnected membranes that extend throughout the cytoplasm.
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis and modification.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes and involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
6. Golgi Apparatus:
- Stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae.
- Processes and packages proteins and lipids for transport within or out of the cell.
7. Ribosomes:
- Tiny organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
- Found in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
8. Mitochondria:
- Powerhouses of the cell.
- Responsible for cellular respiration, generating energy (ATP) from glucose.
9. Chloroplasts:
- Unique to plant cells, containing chlorophyll, the green pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis.
- Responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy (sugars).
10. Vacuole:
- Large, fluid-filled sac that stores water, nutrients, and waste products.
- Plays a role in maintaining cell turgor pressure (rigidity).
11. Plastids:
- A group of organelles that include chloroplasts, chromoplasts (store pigments), and leucoplasts (store starch).
12. Cytoskeleton:
- Network of protein filaments that provide structural support, maintain cell shape, and facilitate cell movement.
13. Peroxisomes:
- Small, membrane-bound organelles that break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
14. Glyoxysomes:
- Specialized peroxisomes found in plants that convert stored fats into sugars.
These organelles work together to carry out all the vital processes necessary for plant life, including photosynthesis, growth, and reproduction.
