General:
* Chromatin: This is the material that makes up chromosomes. It consists of DNA and associated proteins.
* Genetic material: Chromosomes are the carriers of genetic information.
* Hereditary factor: Chromosomes are responsible for passing traits from one generation to the next.
Specific types:
* Homologous chromosomes: These are pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes, one inherited from each parent.
* Sex chromosomes: These determine an individual's sex (e.g., X and Y chromosomes in humans).
* Autosomes: These are all chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.
Descriptive terms:
* Karyotype: This refers to the complete set of chromosomes in an organism.
* Chromatid: This is one of the two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together before cell division.
* Centromere: This is the region where the two chromatids are attached.
The best "other name" for a chromosome depends on the specific context you are using it in.
