* Osteoblasts: These are bone-forming cells that produce new bone matrix. They are responsible for bone growth and repair.

* Osteoclasts: These are bone-resorbing cells that break down old or damaged bone. They play a role in bone remodeling and calcium regulation.

In addition to these primary cell types, the periosteum also contains:

* Fibroblasts: These cells produce collagen fibers, which provide structural support to the periosteum.

* Chondroblasts: These cells are found in the periosteum near the cartilage of the bone. They contribute to the formation of cartilage, which provides cushioning and reduces friction between bones.

* Blood vessels: The periosteum is highly vascularized, providing nutrients and oxygen to the bone.

* Nerves: The periosteum contains nerve endings that are responsible for pain sensation.

The periosteum is a vital structure for bone health and function, providing a protective layer, supporting bone growth and repair, and transmitting forces to the underlying bone.