1. Transcription:
* DNA is used as a template to create a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
* This occurs in the nucleus of a cell.
* The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at a specific region called the promoter and unwinds the DNA double helix.
* RNA polymerase reads the DNA sequence and creates a complementary RNA molecule.
* The mRNA molecule is then released from the DNA and travels out of the nucleus.
2. Translation:
* mRNA is used as a template to synthesize a protein.
* This occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell, specifically at ribosomes.
* The mRNA molecule binds to a ribosome, and the ribosome moves along the mRNA, reading the genetic code.
* Each three-nucleotide sequence (codon) on the mRNA codes for a specific amino acid.
* Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, each carrying a specific amino acid, recognize the codons on the mRNA and deliver the corresponding amino acids.
* The ribosome links these amino acids together in a chain, forming a polypeptide.
* The polypeptide chain folds into a specific three-dimensional shape, forming a functional protein.
In summary:
1. DNA (genes) contain the genetic information.
2. Transcription: DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
3. Translation: mRNA is translated into a protein.
This process allows the genetic information stored in DNA to be used to create the proteins that carry out all the functions of the cell and the organism.
