The scientists who study the brain are called neurologists if they focus on diseases of the nervous system, or neuroscientists if they study the brain and nervous system in a broader sense.

Here's a breakdown:

* Neurologists: These are medical doctors who diagnose and treat disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

* Neuroscientists: This is a broader field that encompasses researchers who study the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, and pharmacology of the nervous system. They may work in academia, research institutions, or pharmaceutical companies.

There are also other specialists who study specific aspects of the brain:

* Neuropsychologists: Study the relationship between brain function and behavior.

* Neurobiologists: Study the biology of the nervous system.

* Cognitive neuroscientists: Study the neural processes involved in cognition.

So, depending on their specific area of expertise, a brain scientist can be called a neurologist, neuroscientist, neuropsychologist, neurobiologist, or cognitive neuroscientist.