1. Nucleus:
* Function: Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromosomes. It controls cellular activities and directs protein synthesis.
2. Ribosomes:
* Function: Sites of protein synthesis. They translate genetic information from mRNA into proteins.
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
* Rough ER: Covered in ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.
* Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
4. Golgi Apparatus:
* Function: Processes and packages proteins and lipids from the ER, modifies them, and sorts them for delivery to other parts of the cell or outside the cell.
5. Lysosomes:
* Function: Contain enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and engulfed pathogens.
6. Mitochondria:
* Function: Powerhouses of the cell, responsible for cellular respiration, producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy.
7. Peroxisomes:
* Function: Contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
8. Cytoplasm:
* Function: The gel-like substance that fills the cell, providing a medium for organelles and chemical reactions to occur.
9. Cytoskeleton:
* Function: A network of protein filaments that provides structural support, helps maintain cell shape, and facilitates movement of organelles and vesicles.
10. Centrioles:
* Function: Involved in cell division, forming the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.
11. Plasma Membrane:
* Function: The outer boundary of the cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
Note: Some animal cells may have specialized organelles not listed here, depending on their function. For example, muscle cells have sarcomeres, and nerve cells have axons and dendrites.
