* Nucleus: The control center of the cell, containing the cell's DNA (genetic material) and the nucleolus (where ribosomes are made).
* Nuclear envelope: A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, regulating the movement of molecules in and out.
* Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): A network of membranes involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid synthesis (smooth ER).
* Golgi apparatus: A stack of flattened sacs that modify, package, and sort proteins and lipids.
* Lysosomes: Membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
* Peroxisomes: Small, membrane-bound organelles that break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
* Mitochondria: The powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
* Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Organelles containing chlorophyll, responsible for photosynthesis.
* Vacuoles (larger in plant cells): Fluid-filled sacs that store water, nutrients, and waste products.
* Centrioles (in animal cells): Involved in cell division, specifically in forming the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes.
* Cytoskeleton: A network of protein fibers that provides structure, support, and helps with cell movement.
Key takeaway: Eukaryotic cells are complex and compartmentalized, with a variety of specialized organelles that perform essential functions. These organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells, which are simpler in structure.
