* DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): This is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms. It's structured as a double helix, with each strand composed of a sequence of nucleotides.
* Genes: Segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. Each gene codes for a specific protein or functional RNA molecule.
* Proteins: These are the workhorses of the cell. They perform a vast array of functions, including:
* Building structures: Collagen for bones, keratin for hair and nails
* Enzymes: Catalyzing biochemical reactions
* Hormones: Regulating body processes
* Antibodies: Defending against infections
* Traits: Observable characteristics of an organism, which are influenced by the proteins produced by its genes.
How it works:
1. Transcription: The DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
2. Translation: The mRNA molecule travels to ribosomes, where it is translated into a specific protein.
3. Protein Function: The protein performs its designated function within the cell, ultimately influencing a trait.
Example:
* Gene: A gene responsible for eye color.
* Protein: A protein that produces pigment in the iris.
* Trait: The color of a person's eyes (blue, brown, green, etc.).
Important Note: While genes are the primary determinant of traits, the environment also plays a role. For example, a plant's height can be influenced by both its genes and the availability of sunlight and nutrients.
