* Genes and Proteins: An organism's traits are determined by its genes, which are segments of DNA.

* DNA to Protein: DNA contains the instructions for building proteins. These instructions are translated into proteins through a process called protein synthesis.

* Proteins and Function: Proteins are the workhorses of the cell. They perform a vast array of functions, including:

* Structural components: Proteins provide shape and support to cells and tissues.

* Enzymes: Proteins catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in the body.

* Hormones: Some proteins act as messengers, regulating bodily functions.

* Antibodies: Proteins are key components of the immune system, fighting off infections.

In short: The proteins produced based on an organism's DNA determine its traits.