An explanation based on prior scientific research or observation is called scientific reasoning. It's also sometimes referred to as scientific explanation, inference, or evidence-based reasoning.

Here's a breakdown of each term:

* Scientific reasoning: The process of using scientific knowledge and evidence to draw conclusions and explain phenomena. This process often involves inductive reasoning, where observations lead to generalizations, and deductive reasoning, where general principles are applied to specific cases.

* Scientific explanation: A description of how and why something happens, based on scientific evidence and understanding. This explanation should be consistent with current scientific knowledge and should be able to be tested and potentially falsified.

* Inference: A logical conclusion drawn from observations and prior knowledge. This conclusion is not directly observed but is inferred based on available evidence.

* Evidence-based reasoning: A type of reasoning that relies heavily on empirical data and scientific studies to support its conclusions.

All these terms represent the core of how scientists understand and explain the natural world. They all rely on the foundation of prior research and observations, leading to a deeper understanding of our universe.