Organelle | Function
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Nucleus | Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
Ribosomes | Synthesize proteins using instructions from the DNA.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis, folding, and transport.
* Rough ER: Contains ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.
* Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
Golgi Apparatus | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Mitochondria | "Powerhouses" of the cell; responsible for cellular respiration, producing ATP (energy).
Lysosomes | Contain enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign invaders.
Vacuoles | Storage compartments for water, nutrients, and waste products. Large in plant cells.
Chloroplasts | Found in plant cells; responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
Centrioles | Found in animal cells; involved in cell division, organizing microtubules.
Cell Wall | Found in plant cells; provides structural support and protection.
Plasma Membrane | Outer boundary of the cell; controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Note: Not all organelles are present in all cells. For example, animal cells lack chloroplasts and cell walls, while plant cells lack centrioles.
