1. Pollination:

- Pollen grains from the anther (male part of the flower) are transferred to the stigma (female part of the flower) through various means like wind, insects, or birds.

2. Fertilization:

- The pollen grain germinates on the stigma, and a pollen tube grows through the style towards the ovary.

- Inside the ovary, the pollen tube reaches the ovule, and the sperm cells fertilize the egg cell and one or more polar nuclei.

3. Embryo Development:

- The fertilized egg cell undergoes repeated cell divisions to form an embryo. The embryo consists of a miniature plant with a radicle (future root), a plumule (future shoot), and one or two cotyledons (seed leaves).

4. Endosperm Development:

- In many angiosperms, the polar nuclei also fuse with one of the sperm cells to form the endosperm nucleus. The endosperm nucleus undergoes successive divisions and develops into the endosperm, which serves as a nutrient-rich tissue for the developing embryo.

5. Seed Coat Formation:

- The ovary wall, also known as the pericarp, surrounds the developing seed and develops into the seed coat. The seed coat protects the embryo from mechanical damage, water loss, and pathogens.

6. Maturation and Dispersal:

- The seed undergoes maturation during which it accumulates food reserves in the form of starch, proteins, and oils.

- When fully mature, the seed is dispersed away from the parent plant by various means like wind, water, animals, or even mechanical mechanisms.

7. Germination:

- Under suitable conditions, the seed germinates. The seed coat absorbs water, the embryo resumes growth, and the radicle emerges from the seed, followed by the plumule.