Sucrase breaks down the disaccharide sucrose, also known as table sugar, into its two component monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. The enzyme sucrase, also known as invertase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond between the two monosaccharides, resulting in the formation of glucose and fructose molecules. This breakdown process is a vital step in the digestion and absorption of sucrose in the body.