Through his experiments, Thomas Hunt Morgan concluded that fruit fly chromosomes are responsible for the inheritance of specific traits. He observed that certain genes were located on specific chromosomes, and that the inheritance of these genes was linked to the inheritance of the chromosomes. This led to the understanding of the chromosomal theory of inheritance, which states that genes are located on chromosomes and that the inheritance of these genes is determined by the segregation and recombination of chromosomes during meiosis. Morgan's work laid the foundation for modern genetics and helped establish the field of chromosome mapping, which is essential for understanding the structure and function of genes and chromosomes.