Chloroplasts: Photosynthetic cells contain chloroplasts, which are organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Thylakoid membranes: Within chloroplasts, thylakoid membranes are flattened, sac-like structures that contain chlorophyll. These membranes are where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place.

Stroma: The stroma is the fluid-filled space that surrounds the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts. It contains the enzymes that are responsible for the Calvin cycle, the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.

Photosystems: Photosystems are protein complexes that are located in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. They are responsible for capturing light energy from the sun and using it to generate an electrochemical gradient that is used to produce ATP and NADPH.

Grana: Grana are stacks of thylakoid membranes that are found in chloroplasts. They increase the surface area of the thylakoid membranes, which allows for more efficient light absorption.