Ancient DNA from individuals who lived in the Andes thousands of years ago has revealed distinct adaptations to farming and high altitude, according to a new study.
The study, published in the journal Science, analysed the genomes of 25 individuals from the Andes, spanning a period of more than 8,000 years. The results showed that the Andeans had several genetic adaptations that helped them to survive in the harsh conditions of the mountains, including the ability to breathe efficiently at high altitudes and to digest plants that were high in starch.
"These adaptations allowed the Andeans to thrive in an environment that was very different from the one where they had evolved," said lead author Dr. Nathan Wales, from the University of Adelaide.
One of the most significant adaptations was a mutation in the EPAS1 gene, which is involved in regulating the body's response to low oxygen levels. This mutation allowed the Andeans to take in more oxygen from the air, which was essential for survival at high altitudes.
Another adaptation was a mutation in the SLC2A1 gene, which is involved in transporting glucose from the blood into cells. This mutation allowed the Andeans to better digest plants that were high in starch, such as potatoes and quinoa.
These adaptations were likely the result of natural selection, as the individuals who possessed them were better able to survive and reproduce in the Andean environment.
The study provides new insights into the genetic history of the Andeans and how they adapted to their environment. It also has implications for understanding how other populations around the world have adapted to different environments.
"Our study highlights the importance of genetic adaptation in human evolution," said Dr. Wales. "It shows how humans have been able to adapt to a wide range of environments, from the tropics to the arctic."
