The instrument that uses radio waves to penetrate gas and dust of the universe is a radio telescope.

Here's why:

* Radio waves are long wavelength electromagnetic radiation: They can pass through clouds of gas and dust that block visible light, allowing us to see deeper into space.

* Radio telescopes are designed to detect these waves: They use large, dish-shaped antennas to collect and focus the radio waves.

* They provide unique information: Radio telescopes help us study the composition of interstellar gas, map the distribution of matter in the universe, and observe distant galaxies and quasars.

Some famous examples of radio telescopes include:

* The Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico)

* The Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico

* The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile