To become an astronomer, a person typically needs to earn a bachelor's degree in physics or astronomy, followed by a doctorate (Ph.D.) in astronomy or a related field. Some astronomer positions also require post-doctoral research experience.

While a bachelor's degree may provide the skills to work in certain settings as an astronomer, most research and teaching positions in astronomy require a doctorate. Doctoral programs in astronomy typically take four to eight years to complete after the bachelor's degree and involve coursework, research, and dissertation completion.

During the bachelor's and doctorate programs, astronomers acquire a strong foundation in physics and mathematics, as well as specialized knowledge in astronomy and astrophysics. They study topics such as stellar evolution, cosmology, and planetary science. They also gain practical experience through observation, data analysis, and research projects.