- The Heliocentric theory states that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun.

- First proposed by Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BCE), but revived and popularised by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) in his book, 'De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'.

- Developed further by Johannes Kepler who formulated three laws of planetary motion to explain the elliptical paths of planets.

- Galileo Galilei's observations of the moons of Jupiter and phases of Venus provided supporting evidence for the heliocentric theory.

- Isaac Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation provided a robust theoretical framework to explain and predict the orbital motions of planets.

- The heliocentric theory revolutionized astronomy and contradicted the prevailing geocentric model, leading to a significant shift in scientific understanding of the solar system and universe.