1. Reflection: When light strikes a surface, it can be reflected in a variety of directions depending on the properties of the surface. For example, a smooth, flat surface will reflect light in a specular manner, meaning that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. A rough surface, on the other hand, will scatter light in a diffuse manner, meaning that it will be reflected in many different directions.

2. Refraction: When light passes from one medium to another, such as from air to glass or water, it can be refracted, or bent. The amount of refraction depends on the difference in the refractive indices of the two media.

3. Diffraction: When light passes through a small opening or around an obstacle, it can be diffracted, or spread out. Diffraction is responsible for the bending of light around edges and the creation of patterns of light and dark.

4. Polarization: When light is polarized, its waves are restricted to oscillating in a single direction. This can be accomplished by passing light through a polarizing filter, which selectively blocks light waves that are oscillating in certain directions.

5. Absorption: When light strikes a surface, some of the light may be absorbed by the material. This can change the direction of the light by causing it to be reflected or refracted in a different direction.

6. Lenses: Lenses are curved pieces of glass or plastic that can be used to focus or diverge light. Convex lenses converge light rays, while concave lenses diverge light rays.

7. Mirrors: Mirrors are reflective surfaces that can be used to redirect light. Flat mirrors reflect light in a specular manner, while curved mirrors reflect light in a variety of ways depending on their shape.