Title: How ancient ice cores show "black swan" events in history – even pandemics

Scene 1: An ice core drilling site in Antarctica. Scientists are drilling a deep ice core, and the ice core is being brought up from the hole.

Text on screen: Ice cores are cylindrical samples of ice that are drilled from glaciers and ice sheets. They can contain a wealth of information about past climate and environmental conditions.

Scene 2: A laboratory where ice cores are being analyzed. Scientists are cutting ice cores into sections and analyzing them for various chemical and physical properties.

Text on screen: Ice cores can be used to study past temperatures, precipitation, volcanic eruptions, and even changes in atmospheric chemistry.

Scene 3: A computer screen showing a graph of temperature data from an ice core. The graph shows a sharp drop in temperature, followed by a gradual increase.

Text on screen: "Black swan" events are rare and unexpected events that can have a major impact on society. Ice cores can show evidence of "black swan" events, such as volcanic eruptions, asteroid impacts, and even pandemics.

Scene 4: A graph showing ice core data for the past 10,000 years. The graph shows several sharp drops in temperature, corresponding to known volcanic eruptions and pandemics.

Text on screen: Ice core data can help us to understand the frequency and impact of "black swan" events, and can help us to better prepare for future events.

Scene 5: A group of scientists discussing ice core data. They are talking about how ice cores can help us to understand the past and prepare for the future.

Text on screen: Ice cores are a valuable tool for studying past climate and environmental conditions. They can also help us to understand the frequency and impact of "black swan" events, and can help us to better prepare for future events.

Outro: The University of California, Berkeley