Scientists have discovered what causes Earth's strongest lightning, known as superbolts. These rare and powerful lightning strikes are hundreds of times more energetic than regular lightning and can travel tens of miles through the atmosphere.

The research team, led by scientists at the University of Florida, used satellite data and computer simulations to study superbolts. They found that superbolts are triggered by the collision of two ice particles in a thunderstorm cloud. The collision creates a static electric charge that builds up until it is suddenly released in a powerful lightning strike.

Superbolts are more common in tropical regions, where the atmosphere is warmer and more humid. They can also occur in winter storms in temperate regions.

The research team says that superbolts could pose a significant risk to aircraft and other infrastructure. They are also studying the potential environmental impacts of superbolts, such as their effects on ozone levels and the production of nitrogen oxides.

The discovery of what causes superbolts is a major breakthrough in the understanding of lightning. This knowledge could help scientists develop ways to protect against the damage caused by these powerful lightning strikes.